Potencial del polen en la industria : variabilidad y su impacto en la apicultura tropical

Nataly Jiménez Espinoza; Roberto Guevara

doi:10.48204/j.scientia.v35n2.a7706

Submitted July 11, 2025

Published 2025-07-10

Artículos

Vol. 35 No. 2 (2025): Scientia

Pollen potential in industry : variability and its impact on tropical beekeeping

Nataly Jiménez Espinoza⁺⁻
Roberto Guevara ⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/j.scientia.v35n2.a7706

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DOI: 10.48204/j.scientia.v35n2.a7706

Published: 2025-07-10

How to Cite

Jiménez Espinoza, N., & Guevara , R. (2025). Pollen potential in industry : variability and its impact on tropical beekeeping. Scientia, 35(2), 180–194. https://doi.org/10.48204/j.scientia.v35n2.a7706

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract

The fundamental objective of beekeeping is to provide high quality bee products and pollination services with maximum efficiency; however, this activity is affected by several factors, including the botanical origin of pollen, climatic conditions, geography and time of year. This review involved searching for relevant studies in recognized databases such as MDPI, ScienceDirect, among others, prioritizing recent articles that expose pollen quality and the factors by which it is affected. International research has shown that bee pollen has a high nutritional value and important functional attributes; furthermore, there is a connection between the nutritional value of this product and the development of the hive. Another key aspect, such as the harvest season, can influence both positively and negatively the quality and productivity of the hive. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to analyze the variability and impact generated by pollen production in beekeeping, as well as its potential in the industry, emphasizing that, at the national level, bee pollen could be a viable product to produce and market, complying with all quality standards, thus diversifying the beekeeping supply in Panama.

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References

Ali?i?, D., Flanjak, I., A?kar, ?., Jaši?, M., Babi?, J., & Šubari?, D. (2019). Physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacity of bee pollen collected in Tuzla Canton (B&H). Journal of Central European Agriculture, 21(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/21.1.2533
Andrada, A. (2003). Flora utilizada por Apis mellifera L. en el sur del Caldenal (Provincia Fitogeográfica del Espinal), Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales nueva serie, 5(2), 329-336
Bianchi, A., Capparelli, S., Taglieri, I., Sanmartin, C., Pistelli, L. y Venturi, F. (2025). Galletas saladas enriquecidas con polen de abeja fresco y seco: caracterización química, tecnológica y sensorial. Alimentos, 14(3), 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030527
Briceño C. (2018). Identificación de flora melifera con potencial ornamental y medicinal en Yucatán. Tesis. Merida, Yucatán, Mexico. Recuperado: https://ciatej.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/bitstream/1023/598/1/Cinthia%20Isabel%20Briceño%20Santiago.pdf
Brunet J, Ziobro R, Osvatic J, Clayton MK. (2019). The effects of time, temperature and plant variety on pollen viability and its implications for gene flow risk. Plant Biol. 21:715–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12959.
Campos, M.G., Bogdanov, S., de Almeida-Muradian, L.B., Szczesna, T., Mancebo, Y., Frigerio, C., Ferreira, F. (2008) Pollen composition and standardisation of analytical methods. Journal of Apicultural Research, 47 (2), 156-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2008.11101443
Di Pasquale, G., Salignon, M., Le Conte, Y., Belzunces, L. P., Decourtye, A., Kretzschmar, A. & Alaux, C. (2013). Influence of pollen nutrition on honey bee health: do pollen quality and diversity matter? PloS one, 8, e72016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072016.
El Ghouizi A, Bakour M, Laaroussi H, Ousaaid D, El Menyiy N, Hano C, Lyoussi B. (2023). Bee Pollen as Functional Food: Insights into Its Composition and Therapeutic Properties. Antioxidants (Basel). 12(3):557. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030557. PMID: 36978805; PMCID: PMC10045447.
Franco, V. C. (2018). Industria apícola experimenta crecimiento. Panamá América. https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/provincias/industria-apicola-experimenta-crecimiento-36920.
Fuenmayor C., Zuluaga C., Díaz C., Quicazan M., Cosio M., Mannino S. (2014). Evaluación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales del polen apícola colombiano. Rev. MVZ Córdoba 10(1):4003-4014.
Graham, J. (1993). The Hive and Honey Bee. Dadant & Sons, Inc. Hamilton Illinois. 1324p.
Gündo?du E., Çakmakçi S., Güngör ?at I. (2019). An overview of honey: its composition, nutritional and functional properties. JFSE, 9. Recuperado: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330685140_An_Overview_of_Honey_Its_Composition_Nutritional_and_Functional_Properties.
Kieliszek M., Piwowarek K., Kot A.M., B?a?ejak S., Chlebowska-?migiel A., Wolska I. (2018). Pollen and bee bread as new health-oriented products: a review. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 71, pp. 170-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.10.021.
Keskin, M.; Özkök, A. (2020). Effects of drying techniques on chemical composition and volatile constituents of bee pollen. Czech J. Food Sci. 38, 203–208. https://doi.org/10.17221/79/2020-CJFS.
Kurek-Górecka, A.; Górecki, M.; Rzepecka-Stojko, A.; Balwierz, R.; Stojko, J. (2020). Bee Products in Dermatology and Skin Care. Molecules, 25, 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030556.
Hernández, Y. (2020). “Contenido nutricional de polen utilizado por Apis mellifera en México, en época seca”. Tesis de maestría, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, México.
Machovsky-Capuska, G.E.; Senior, A.M.; Zantis, S.P.; Barna, K.; Cowieson, A.J.; Pandya, S.; Pavard, C.; Shiels, M.; Raubenheimer, D. (2016). Dietary protein selection in a free-ranging urban population of common myna birds. Behav. Ecol. 27, 219–227
MIDA. (2019). Encuesta Apícola, Programa de Apicultura. Dirección de Ganadería. La encuesta está basada en la información recopilada por las direcciones regionales, a través de los extensionistas Pecuarios Regionales.
Ministerio de Ambiente (2020). BIODIVERSIDAD, EL GRAN TESORO DE PANAMÁ - Ministerio de Ambiente. https://miambiente.gob.pa/panama-una-joya-de-la-biodiversidad-global/
Morgano M.A., Milani R.F., Martins M.C.T., Rodríguez-Amaya D.B. (2011). Determination of water content in Brazilian honeybee-collected pollen by Karl Fischer titration. Food Control; 22:1604-1608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.016.
Mungsan N. (2018). Origen y diversidad del polen apícola. Tesis. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, España.
Mutlu C., Erbas M. (2023). Turkish bee pollen: Composition, regional discrimination and polyphenol biaccessibility. Food Bioscience 53, 102805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102805
Nicolson, S.W. (2011). Bee food: The chemistry and nutritional value of nectar, pollen and mixtures of the two. African Zoology. 46(2), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2011.11407495
Pedroso N., Vázquez M., Del Risco C., Almanza E., Vázquez-Ventura M., Frías A. (2018). Influencia de la temperatura de secado en la calidad del polen apícola. Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Vol. 28, No. 1. ISSN 1816-7721, pp. 17-21. https://revcitecal.iiia.edu.cu/revista/index.php/RCTA/article/view/99
Prada, D. (2022). Evaluación del polen apícola producido en Cundinamarca como fuente de componentes liposolubles de interés nutricional y antioxidante. Tesis. Bogotá, Colombia.
Puerto, N.; Prieto, G.; Castro, R. (2015). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of pollen. Review. Chil. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 31, 115–126. https://revistas.udec.cl/index.php/chjaas/article/view/9973
Radev, Zh., Liolios, V., Tananaki, C. and Thrasyvoulou, A. (2014). The impact of the nutritive value of pollen on the development, reproduction and productivity of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 20: 685-689. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287949869_The_impact_of_the_nutritive_value_of_pollen_on_the_development_reproduction_and_productivity_of_honey_bee_Apis_Mellifera_L.
Roubik D., Schmalzel R., Moreno E. (1984). Estudio Apibotánico de Panamá: cosecha y fuentes de polen y néctar usados por Apis mellifera y sus patrones estacionales y anuales. B. técnico SV Nº24; Instituto de investigaciones tropicales Smithsonian, Panamá.
Rzepecka-Stojko, A., Stojko, J., Kurek-G´orecka, A., G´orecki, M., Kaba?a-Dzik, A., Kubina, R., et al. (2015). Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, absorption, metabolism and biological activity. Molecules, 20(12), 21732–21749. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219800
Saavedra, K. I., Rojas, C., & Delgado, G. E. (2013). Caracteri?sticas poli?nicas y composicio?n qui?mica del polen api?cola colectado en Cayalti? (Lambayeque – Peru?). Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 40, 71–78. https://www.scielo.cl/pdf/rchnut/v40n1/art11.pdf
Salazar C., Rodriguez F., Stinco C., Terrab A., Diaz C., Fuenmayor C., Heredia F. (2020). Carotenoid profile determination of bee pollen by advanced digital imagine analysis. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 175, 105601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105601
Santos, E., Invernizzi, C., García, E., Cabrera, C., Di Landro, R., Saadoun, A., Daners, G. (2009). Contenido de proteína cruda del polen de las principales especies botánicas utilizadas por las abejas melíferas en Uruguay. Agrociencia, Vol XIII N° 2 pág. 9 – 13. http://www.scielo.edu.uy/pdf/agro/v13n2/v13n2a02.pdf
Solon-Biet, S.M.; Walters, K.A.; Simanainen, U.K.; McMahon, A.C.; Ruohonen, K.; Ballard, J.W.O.; Raubenheimer, D.; Handelsman, D.J.; Le Couteur, D.G.; Simpson, S.J. (2015). Macronutrient balance, reproductive function, and lifespan in aging mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 3481–3486. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422041112
Stanley, R. y Linskens, H. (1974). Pollen, biology, biochemistry and management. Heidellberg, spring Verlag. Alemania. 307p.
Talpay, B. (1978). El polen Floral: Una reseña. Apiacta 1 (3): 103 – 105.
Thakur, M., & Nanda, V. (2018). Assessment of physico-chemical properties, fatty acid, amino acid and mineral profile of bee pollen from India with a multivariate perspective. Journal of Food & Nutrition Research, 57(4), 328-34. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20193134453
Thakur, M., & Nanda, V. (2020). Composition and functionality of bee pollen: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 98, 82–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.001
Valdés P. (2014). Polen apícola, una alternativa de negocio. Reporte N°1. Agrimundo, Inteligencia competitiva para el sector agroalimentario.
Villanueva-G, R. (2002). Polliniferous plants aud foraging strategles Of Apis mellifera (Hyínenoptera: Apidae) in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Revista de Biología Tropical, 50(3-4), 1035-1044. Retrieved February 16, 2025, from http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442002000300021&lng=en&tlng=en.
Winston, M. L., Otis, G. W., & Taylor Jr O. R. (1979). Absconding behaviour of the africanized honeybee in South America. Journal of Apicultural Research, 18(2), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1979.11099951

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[1] Ali?i?, D., Flanjak, I., A?kar, ?., Jaši?, M., Babi?, J., & Šubari?, D. (2019). Physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacity of bee pollen collected in Tuzla Canton (B&H). Journal of Central European Agriculture, 21(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/21.1.2533

[2] Andrada, A. (2003). Flora utilizada por Apis mellifera L. en el sur del Caldenal (Provincia Fitogeográfica del Espinal), Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales nueva serie, 5(2), 329-336

[3] Bianchi, A., Capparelli, S., Taglieri, I., Sanmartin, C., Pistelli, L. y Venturi, F. (2025). Galletas saladas enriquecidas con polen de abeja fresco y seco: caracterización química, tecnológica y sensorial. Alimentos, 14(3), 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030527

[4] Briceño C. (2018). Identificación de flora melifera con potencial ornamental y medicinal en Yucatán. Tesis. Merida, Yucatán, Mexico. Recuperado: https://ciatej.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/bitstream/1023/598/1/Cinthia%20Isabel%20Briceño%20Santiago.pdf

[5] Brunet J, Ziobro R, Osvatic J, Clayton MK. (2019). The effects of time, temperature and plant variety on pollen viability and its implications for gene flow risk. Plant Biol. 21:715–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12959.

[6] Campos, M.G., Bogdanov, S., de Almeida-Muradian, L.B., Szczesna, T., Mancebo, Y., Frigerio, C., Ferreira, F. (2008) Pollen composition and standardisation of analytical methods. Journal of Apicultural Research, 47 (2), 156-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2008.11101443

[7] Di Pasquale, G., Salignon, M., Le Conte, Y., Belzunces, L. P., Decourtye, A., Kretzschmar, A. & Alaux, C. (2013). Influence of pollen nutrition on honey bee health: do pollen quality and diversity matter? PloS one, 8, e72016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072016.

[8] El Ghouizi A, Bakour M, Laaroussi H, Ousaaid D, El Menyiy N, Hano C, Lyoussi B. (2023). Bee Pollen as Functional Food: Insights into Its Composition and Therapeutic Properties. Antioxidants (Basel). 12(3):557. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030557. PMID: 36978805; PMCID: PMC10045447.

[9] Franco, V. C. (2018). Industria apícola experimenta crecimiento. Panamá América. https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/provincias/industria-apicola-experimenta-crecimiento-36920.

[10] Fuenmayor C., Zuluaga C., Díaz C., Quicazan M., Cosio M., Mannino S. (2014). Evaluación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales del polen apícola colombiano. Rev. MVZ Córdoba 10(1):4003-4014.

[11] Graham, J. (1993). The Hive and Honey Bee. Dadant & Sons, Inc. Hamilton Illinois. 1324p.

[12] Gündo?du E., Çakmakçi S., Güngör ?at I. (2019). An overview of honey: its composition, nutritional and functional properties. JFSE, 9. Recuperado: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330685140_An_Overview_of_Honey_Its_Composition_Nutritional_and_Functional_Properties.

[13] Kieliszek M., Piwowarek K., Kot A.M., B?a?ejak S., Chlebowska-?migiel A., Wolska I. (2018). Pollen and bee bread as new health-oriented products: a review. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 71, pp. 170-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.10.021.

[14] Keskin, M.; Özkök, A. (2020). Effects of drying techniques on chemical composition and volatile constituents of bee pollen. Czech J. Food Sci. 38, 203–208. https://doi.org/10.17221/79/2020-CJFS.

[15] Kurek-Górecka, A.; Górecki, M.; Rzepecka-Stojko, A.; Balwierz, R.; Stojko, J. (2020). Bee Products in Dermatology and Skin Care. Molecules, 25, 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030556.

[16] Hernández, Y. (2020). “Contenido nutricional de polen utilizado por Apis mellifera en México, en época seca”. Tesis de maestría, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, México.

[17] Machovsky-Capuska, G.E.; Senior, A.M.; Zantis, S.P.; Barna, K.; Cowieson, A.J.; Pandya, S.; Pavard, C.; Shiels, M.; Raubenheimer, D. (2016). Dietary protein selection in a free-ranging urban population of common myna birds. Behav. Ecol. 27, 219–227

[18] MIDA. (2019). Encuesta Apícola, Programa de Apicultura. Dirección de Ganadería. La encuesta está basada en la información recopilada por las direcciones regionales, a través de los extensionistas Pecuarios Regionales.

[19] Ministerio de Ambiente (2020). BIODIVERSIDAD, EL GRAN TESORO DE PANAMÁ - Ministerio de Ambiente. https://miambiente.gob.pa/panama-una-joya-de-la-biodiversidad-global/

[20] Morgano M.A., Milani R.F., Martins M.C.T., Rodríguez-Amaya D.B. (2011). Determination of water content in Brazilian honeybee-collected pollen by Karl Fischer titration. Food Control; 22:1604-1608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.016.

[21] Mungsan N. (2018). Origen y diversidad del polen apícola. Tesis. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, España.

[22] Mutlu C., Erbas M. (2023). Turkish bee pollen: Composition, regional discrimination and polyphenol biaccessibility. Food Bioscience 53, 102805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102805

[23] Nicolson, S.W. (2011). Bee food: The chemistry and nutritional value of nectar, pollen and mixtures of the two. African Zoology. 46(2), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2011.11407495

[24] Pedroso N., Vázquez M., Del Risco C., Almanza E., Vázquez-Ventura M., Frías A. (2018). Influencia de la temperatura de secado en la calidad del polen apícola. Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Vol. 28, No. 1. ISSN 1816-7721, pp. 17-21. https://revcitecal.iiia.edu.cu/revista/index.php/RCTA/article/view/99

[25] Prada, D. (2022). Evaluación del polen apícola producido en Cundinamarca como fuente de componentes liposolubles de interés nutricional y antioxidante. Tesis. Bogotá, Colombia.

[26] Puerto, N.; Prieto, G.; Castro, R. (2015). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of pollen. Review. Chil. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 31, 115–126. https://revistas.udec.cl/index.php/chjaas/article/view/9973

[27] Radev, Zh., Liolios, V., Tananaki, C. and Thrasyvoulou, A. (2014). The impact of the nutritive value of pollen on the development, reproduction and productivity of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 20: 685-689. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287949869_The_impact_of_the_nutritive_value_of_pollen_on_the_development_reproduction_and_productivity_of_honey_bee_Apis_Mellifera_L.

[28] Roubik D., Schmalzel R., Moreno E. (1984). Estudio Apibotánico de Panamá: cosecha y fuentes de polen y néctar usados por Apis mellifera y sus patrones estacionales y anuales. B. técnico SV Nº24; Instituto de investigaciones tropicales Smithsonian, Panamá.

[29] Rzepecka-Stojko, A., Stojko, J., Kurek-G´orecka, A., G´orecki, M., Kaba?a-Dzik, A., Kubina, R., et al. (2015). Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, absorption, metabolism and biological activity. Molecules, 20(12), 21732–21749. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219800

[30] Saavedra, K. I., Rojas, C., & Delgado, G. E. (2013). Caracteri?sticas poli?nicas y composicio?n qui?mica del polen api?cola colectado en Cayalti? (Lambayeque – Peru?). Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 40, 71–78. https://www.scielo.cl/pdf/rchnut/v40n1/art11.pdf

[31] Salazar C., Rodriguez F., Stinco C., Terrab A., Diaz C., Fuenmayor C., Heredia F. (2020). Carotenoid profile determination of bee pollen by advanced digital imagine analysis. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 175, 105601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105601

[32] Santos, E., Invernizzi, C., García, E., Cabrera, C., Di Landro, R., Saadoun, A., Daners, G. (2009). Contenido de proteína cruda del polen de las principales especies botánicas utilizadas por las abejas melíferas en Uruguay. Agrociencia, Vol XIII N° 2 pág. 9 – 13. http://www.scielo.edu.uy/pdf/agro/v13n2/v13n2a02.pdf

[33] Solon-Biet, S.M.; Walters, K.A.; Simanainen, U.K.; McMahon, A.C.; Ruohonen, K.; Ballard, J.W.O.; Raubenheimer, D.; Handelsman, D.J.; Le Couteur, D.G.; Simpson, S.J. (2015). Macronutrient balance, reproductive function, and lifespan in aging mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 3481–3486. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422041112

[34] Stanley, R. y Linskens, H. (1974). Pollen, biology, biochemistry and management. Heidellberg, spring Verlag. Alemania. 307p.

[35] Talpay, B. (1978). El polen Floral: Una reseña. Apiacta 1 (3): 103 – 105.

[36] Thakur, M., & Nanda, V. (2018). Assessment of physico-chemical properties, fatty acid, amino acid and mineral profile of bee pollen from India with a multivariate perspective. Journal of Food & Nutrition Research, 57(4), 328-34. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20193134453

[37] Thakur, M., & Nanda, V. (2020). Composition and functionality of bee pollen: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 98, 82–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.02.001

[38] Valdés P. (2014). Polen apícola, una alternativa de negocio. Reporte N°1. Agrimundo, Inteligencia competitiva para el sector agroalimentario.

[39] Villanueva-G, R. (2002). Polliniferous plants aud foraging strategles Of Apis mellifera (Hyínenoptera: Apidae) in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Revista de Biología Tropical, 50(3-4), 1035-1044. Retrieved February 16, 2025, from http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442002000300021&lng=en&tlng=en.

[40] Winston, M. L., Otis, G. W., & Taylor Jr O. R. (1979). Absconding behaviour of the africanized honeybee in South America. Journal of Apicultural Research, 18(2), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1979.11099951

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