Los psicólogos en medio del acoso psicológico: la identificación de los factores psicológicos del acoso laboral.

Enriqueta Claudia Serrano Romero

doi:10.48204/red.v4n2.7631

Enviado julio 4, 2025

Publicado 2025-07-08

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Vol. 4 Núm. 2 (2025): REDEPSIC

Los psicólogos en medio del acoso psicológico: la identificación de los factores psicológicos del acoso laboral.

Enriqueta Claudia Serrano Romero⁺⁻

DOI https://doi.org/10.48204/red.v4n2.7631

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DOI: 10.48204/red.v4n2.7631

Publicado: 2025-07-08

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Serrano Romero, E. C. (2025). Los psicólogos en medio del acoso psicológico: la identificación de los factores psicológicos del acoso laboral. REDEPSIC, 4(2), 94–106. https://doi.org/10.48204/red.v4n2.7631

Resumen

El acoso psicológico ocurre en una variedad de circunstancias, y frecuentemente es perpetrado por compañeros de trabajo y/o empleadores. Incluso cuando son acosados ??o hostigados, muchos empleados parecen minimizar sus efectos, basándose en la creencia de que deberían quedar bien con aquellos en el poder. Los efectos del acoso laboral no son solo psicológicos, que incluyen cambios cerebrales en áreas como el sistema límbico, los neurotransmisores, sino también el sistema inmunológico. Cuando el sistema inmunológico está comprometido, surgen problemas físicos como dolores de cabeza, síntomas musculoesqueléticos, afecciones cardiovasculares, síndrome intestinal y muchos otros. Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar la prevalencia del acoso psicológico, depresión, ansiedad y estrés entre psicólogos que trabajan en instituciones gubernamentales en México. Métodos: Recopilamos datos de 21 psicólogos (85.7% mujeres y 14.3% hombres). Se utilizó la versión en español del Inventario de Terror Psicológico de Leymann (LIPT-60) y la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés -21 ítems (DASS-21). Resultados: El análisis de correlación reveló asociaciones moderadas y extremas en cada una de las subescalas del LIPT-60, y los resultados del DASS-21 mostraron depresión, ansiedad y estrés leves, moderados y graves.

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Ares Camerino, A., & Ortega Marlasca, M. M. (2018). Mobbing in health workplace. Medicina Clínica (English Edition), 150(5), 198–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2017.12.029
Arnold, J., Randall, R., et al. (2012). Estrés y bienestar en el trabajo. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Fifth edit, Vol. 53, Issue 9, pp. 381–405). Pearson. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Baran Tatar, Z., & Yüksel, ?. (2019). Mobbing at workplace-psychological trauma and documentation of psychiatric symptoms. Noropsikiyatri Arsivi, 56(1), 57–62. https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.22924
Barmes, L. (2015). Bullying and Behavioural Conflict at Work: The Duality of Individual Rights. Oxford Scholarship Online.
Bozeman, Jennifer and Hershcovis, Sandy, H. M. (2015). The Role of the Victim and the Perpetrator-Victim Relationship in Understanding Workplace Agression. In ABC-Clio (Ed.), Bullies in the workplace: Seeing and stopping adults who abuse their co-workers and employees (Issue c, pp. 2–14). Indiana University.
Cassitto, G. M. (2002). Allergy: Effects on Health and Quality of Life. Raising Awareness of Psychological Harrassment at Work Advice to Health Professionals, Decision Makers, Managers, Human Resources Directors, Legal Community, Unions and Workers., 3(11), 16–18.
Clifford, L. (2006). Building your confidence. In Survive Bullying at Work: How to Stand Up for Yourself and Take Control. (First edit, pp. 1–96). A & C Black.
Craig, Wendy M. and Pepler, D. J. (2003). Identigying and targeting risk for involvement in bullying and victimization. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(9), 577–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2013.04.004
García-Campayo, J., Puebla-Guedea, M., Herrera-Mercadal, P., & Daudén, E. (2016). Burnout syndrome and demotivation among health care personnel. Managing stressful situations: The importance of teamwork. Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas, 107(5), 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2016.03.003
Gonzalez de Rivera, J. & Rodriguez, M. (2005). Cuestionario de estrategias de acoso en el trabajo. El LIPT-60. Instituto de Psicoterapia e Investigación Psicosomática, 1–44.
Góralewska-S?o?ska, A. (2019). Experiencing mobbing at workplace facing psychological gender and occupational burnout. Management, 23(1), 156–173. https://doi.org/10.2478/manment-2019-0009
Ibrahim, F. M., Rashad Dabou, E. A., AbdelSamad, S., & Abuijlan, I. A. M. (2024). Prevalence of bullying and its impact on self-esteem, anxiety and depression among medical and health sciences university students in RAS Al Khaimah, UAE. Heliyon, 10(3), e25063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25063
Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119–126.
Lovibond, S., Lovibond, P. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety scales. Sydney: Psychology Foundation.
Lugo, G. M. E. (2017). Acoso laboral “Mobbing.” CNDH México, 1–39.
Maureen, D. & Sperry, L. (2012). Career and Work Performance. In Mobbing: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions (Vol. 15, Issue 1, pp. 2–14). Oxford Scholarship Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof
Metcalf, G. S., & JD, T. A. (2016). An Introduction to workplace bullying. In Stop bullying at work: Strategoes and tools for hr. legal, & Risck Management Professionals. (Second edi, Issue 2016, pp. 3–20). Society for Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315181288-1
Mishna, Faye and Sawyer, J.-L. (2012). The trauma of bullying experiences. In J. R. Ringel, S., & Brnadell (Ed.), Trauma: Contemporary Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research (Issue 2011, pp. 150–170). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230597.n8
Namie, G., Christensen, D., & Phillips, D. (2014). WBI U.S. workplace bullying survey. Workplace Bullying Institute, 1–19. http://workplacebullying.org/multi/pdf/WBI-2014-US-Survey.pdf
Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work and Stress, 26(4), 309–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2012.734709
Oden, K. A., Miner-Holden, J., & Balkin, R. S. (2009). Required counseling for mental health professional trainees: Its perceived effect on self-awareness and other potential benefits. Journal of Mental Health, 18(5), 441–448. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638230902968217
Penttinen, E., Jyrkinen, M., & Wide, E. (2019). Experiences of Emotional Workplace Abuse. In Emotional Workplace Abuse. A new Research Approach (pp. 1–90). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19993-7
Rajalakshmi, M., & Naresh, B. (2018). Influence of psychological contract on workplace bullying. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 41, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.001
Ruíz-González, K. J., Pacheco-Pérez, L. A., García-Bencomo, M. I., Gutiérrez Diez, M. C., & Guevara-Valtier, M. C. (2020). Percepción del mobbing entre el personal de enfermería de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Enfermeria Intensiva, 31(3), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfi.2019.03.007
Schott, M. R. (2014). The social concept of bullying: philosophical reflections on definitions. In D. M. Schott, R. M., & Sondergaard (Ed.), School bullying: new theories in context (First edit, Issues 21–46, pp. 1–47). Cambridge University Press.
Schott, R., & M. (2019). The social concept of bullying: philosophical reflectins and definitions. In School Bullying: New Theories in Context (Issue 2014, pp. 21–46). IUB-ebooks.
Spector, P. E., Zhou, Z. E., & Che, X. X. (2014). Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: A quantitative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(1), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.010
Sperry, L. (2009). Workplace Mobbing and Bullying: a Consulting Psychology Perspective and Overview. Consulting Psychology Journal, 61(3), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016936
Tong, M., Schwendimann, R., & Zúñiga, F. (2017). Mobbing among care workers in nursing homes: A cross-sectional secondary analysis of the Swiss Nursing Homes Human Resources Project. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 66, 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.12.005
Tonini, S., Lanfranco, A., Dellabianca, A., Lumelli, D., Giorgi, I., Mazzacane, F., Fusi, C., Scafa, F., & Candura, S. M. (2011). Work-related stress and bullying: Gender differences and forensic medicine issues in the diagnostic procedure. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 6(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-6-29
Trépanier, S. G., Fernet, C., Austin, S., & Boudrias, V. (2016). Work environment antecedents of bullying: A review and integrative model applied to registered nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 55, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.10.001
Trujillo, M., Valderrabano, M., & Hernández, R. (2007). Mobbing historia, causas, efectos y propuesta de un modelo para las organizaciones mexicanas. Innovar. Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales, 17(29), 71–91. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/818/81802905.pdf
Valentine, R.S., Giacalone, A. R., & Meglich, A. P. (2024). Seeing workplace bullying through a glass darkly: The illuminating role of organizational and individual ethics. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112615
Walker, C., & Fincham, B. (2011). Work and the Mental Health Crisis in Britain. In Work and the Mental Health Crisis in Britain. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119974260
Williams, S. E., & Rialon, R. A. (2011). Illuminating the Complexities of Ethical Decision Making. Ethics & Behavior, 21(3), 75–122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1chs5gx.6
Yavuzer, Y., & Civilidag, A. (2014). Mediator role of depression on the relationship between mobbing and life satisfaction of health professionals. Dusunen Adam, 27(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2014270203
Zachariadou, T., Zannetos, S., Chira, S. E., Gregoriou, S., & Pavlakis, A. (2018). Prevalence and Forms of Workplace Bullying Among Health-care Professionals in Cyprus: Greek Version of “Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror” Instrument. Safety and Health at Work, 9(3), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2017.11.003
Zafar, W., Khan, U. R., Siddiqui, S. A., Jamali, S., & Razzak, J. A. (2016). Workplace Violence and Self-reported Psychological Health: Coping with Post-traumatic Stress, Mental Distress, and Burnout among Physicians Working in the Emergency Departments Compared to Other Specialties in Pakistan. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 50(1), 167-177.el. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.02.049

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[1] Ares Camerino, A., & Ortega Marlasca, M. M. (2018). Mobbing in health workplace. Medicina Clínica (English Edition), 150(5), 198–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2017.12.029

[2] Arnold, J., Randall, R., et al. (2012). Estrés y bienestar en el trabajo. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Fifth edit, Vol. 53, Issue 9, pp. 381–405). Pearson. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

[3] Baran Tatar, Z., & Yüksel, ?. (2019). Mobbing at workplace-psychological trauma and documentation of psychiatric symptoms. Noropsikiyatri Arsivi, 56(1), 57–62. https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.22924

[4] Barmes, L. (2015). Bullying and Behavioural Conflict at Work: The Duality of Individual Rights. Oxford Scholarship Online.

[5] Bozeman, Jennifer and Hershcovis, Sandy, H. M. (2015). The Role of the Victim and the Perpetrator-Victim Relationship in Understanding Workplace Agression. In ABC-Clio (Ed.), Bullies in the workplace: Seeing and stopping adults who abuse their co-workers and employees (Issue c, pp. 2–14). Indiana University.

[6] Cassitto, G. M. (2002). Allergy: Effects on Health and Quality of Life. Raising Awareness of Psychological Harrassment at Work Advice to Health Professionals, Decision Makers, Managers, Human Resources Directors, Legal Community, Unions and Workers., 3(11), 16–18.

[7] Clifford, L. (2006). Building your confidence. In Survive Bullying at Work: How to Stand Up for Yourself and Take Control. (First edit, pp. 1–96). A & C Black.

[8] Craig, Wendy M. and Pepler, D. J. (2003). Identigying and targeting risk for involvement in bullying and victimization. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(9), 577–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2013.04.004

[9] García-Campayo, J., Puebla-Guedea, M., Herrera-Mercadal, P., & Daudén, E. (2016). Burnout syndrome and demotivation among health care personnel. Managing stressful situations: The importance of teamwork. Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas, 107(5), 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2016.03.003

[10] Gonzalez de Rivera, J. & Rodriguez, M. (2005). Cuestionario de estrategias de acoso en el trabajo. El LIPT-60. Instituto de Psicoterapia e Investigación Psicosomática, 1–44.

[11] Góralewska-S?o?ska, A. (2019). Experiencing mobbing at workplace facing psychological gender and occupational burnout. Management, 23(1), 156–173. https://doi.org/10.2478/manment-2019-0009

[12] Ibrahim, F. M., Rashad Dabou, E. A., AbdelSamad, S., & Abuijlan, I. A. M. (2024). Prevalence of bullying and its impact on self-esteem, anxiety and depression among medical and health sciences university students in RAS Al Khaimah, UAE. Heliyon, 10(3), e25063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25063

[13] Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119–126.

[14] Lovibond, S., Lovibond, P. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety scales. Sydney: Psychology Foundation.

[15] Lugo, G. M. E. (2017). Acoso laboral “Mobbing.” CNDH México, 1–39.

[16] Maureen, D. & Sperry, L. (2012). Career and Work Performance. In Mobbing: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions (Vol. 15, Issue 1, pp. 2–14). Oxford Scholarship Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof

[17] Metcalf, G. S., & JD, T. A. (2016). An Introduction to workplace bullying. In Stop bullying at work: Strategoes and tools for hr. legal, & Risck Management Professionals. (Second edi, Issue 2016, pp. 3–20). Society for Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315181288-1

[18] Mishna, Faye and Sawyer, J.-L. (2012). The trauma of bullying experiences. In J. R. Ringel, S., & Brnadell (Ed.), Trauma: Contemporary Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research (Issue 2011, pp. 150–170). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230597.n8

[19] Namie, G., Christensen, D., & Phillips, D. (2014). WBI U.S. workplace bullying survey. Workplace Bullying Institute, 1–19. http://workplacebullying.org/multi/pdf/WBI-2014-US-Survey.pdf

[20] Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work and Stress, 26(4), 309–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2012.734709

[21] Oden, K. A., Miner-Holden, J., & Balkin, R. S. (2009). Required counseling for mental health professional trainees: Its perceived effect on self-awareness and other potential benefits. Journal of Mental Health, 18(5), 441–448. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638230902968217

[22] Penttinen, E., Jyrkinen, M., & Wide, E. (2019). Experiences of Emotional Workplace Abuse. In Emotional Workplace Abuse. A new Research Approach (pp. 1–90). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19993-7

[23] Rajalakshmi, M., & Naresh, B. (2018). Influence of psychological contract on workplace bullying. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 41, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.001

[24] Ruíz-González, K. J., Pacheco-Pérez, L. A., García-Bencomo, M. I., Gutiérrez Diez, M. C., & Guevara-Valtier, M. C. (2020). Percepción del mobbing entre el personal de enfermería de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Enfermeria Intensiva, 31(3), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfi.2019.03.007

[25] Schott, M. R. (2014). The social concept of bullying: philosophical reflections on definitions. In D. M. Schott, R. M., & Sondergaard (Ed.), School bullying: new theories in context (First edit, Issues 21–46, pp. 1–47). Cambridge University Press.

[26] Schott, R., & M. (2019). The social concept of bullying: philosophical reflectins and definitions. In School Bullying: New Theories in Context (Issue 2014, pp. 21–46). IUB-ebooks.

[27] Spector, P. E., Zhou, Z. E., & Che, X. X. (2014). Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: A quantitative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(1), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.010

[28] Sperry, L. (2009). Workplace Mobbing and Bullying: a Consulting Psychology Perspective and Overview. Consulting Psychology Journal, 61(3), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016936

[29] Tong, M., Schwendimann, R., & Zúñiga, F. (2017). Mobbing among care workers in nursing homes: A cross-sectional secondary analysis of the Swiss Nursing Homes Human Resources Project. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 66, 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.12.005

[30] Tonini, S., Lanfranco, A., Dellabianca, A., Lumelli, D., Giorgi, I., Mazzacane, F., Fusi, C., Scafa, F., & Candura, S. M. (2011). Work-related stress and bullying: Gender differences and forensic medicine issues in the diagnostic procedure. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 6(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-6-29

[31] Trépanier, S. G., Fernet, C., Austin, S., & Boudrias, V. (2016). Work environment antecedents of bullying: A review and integrative model applied to registered nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 55, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.10.001

[32] Trujillo, M., Valderrabano, M., & Hernández, R. (2007). Mobbing historia, causas, efectos y propuesta de un modelo para las organizaciones mexicanas. Innovar. Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales, 17(29), 71–91. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/818/81802905.pdf

[33] Valentine, R.S., Giacalone, A. R., & Meglich, A. P. (2024). Seeing workplace bullying through a glass darkly: The illuminating role of organizational and individual ethics. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112615

[34] Walker, C., & Fincham, B. (2011). Work and the Mental Health Crisis in Britain. In Work and the Mental Health Crisis in Britain. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119974260

[35] Williams, S. E., & Rialon, R. A. (2011). Illuminating the Complexities of Ethical Decision Making. Ethics & Behavior, 21(3), 75–122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1chs5gx.6

[36] Yavuzer, Y., & Civilidag, A. (2014). Mediator role of depression on the relationship between mobbing and life satisfaction of health professionals. Dusunen Adam, 27(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2014270203

[37] Zachariadou, T., Zannetos, S., Chira, S. E., Gregoriou, S., & Pavlakis, A. (2018). Prevalence and Forms of Workplace Bullying Among Health-care Professionals in Cyprus: Greek Version of “Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror” Instrument. Safety and Health at Work, 9(3), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2017.11.003

[38] Zafar, W., Khan, U. R., Siddiqui, S. A., Jamali, S., & Razzak, J. A. (2016). Workplace Violence and Self-reported Psychological Health: Coping with Post-traumatic Stress, Mental Distress, and Burnout among Physicians Working in the Emergency Departments Compared to Other Specialties in Pakistan. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 50(1), 167-177.el. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.02.049

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